152 / 200
152
歐美研究
會員國義務，包括遵循政治、經濟與貨幣同盟之目標。
(
European Council, 1993: 13
)
10由前述歷史沿革可知，哥本哈根標準之政治加盟標準的創新僅
在於新增少數族群保障一項要求，其餘標準均已見於先前擴張過程
中逐漸形成的共同體政治標準。
1999
年阿姆斯特丹條約生效時
(
European Union, 1997
)，被明文列舉為歐盟價值
(參見依阿姆斯特
丹條約所修正的歐洲聯盟條約第
6
條第
1
項
) 11因而連帶成為條約
明文規範的政治加盟標準者
(參見同條約第
49
條第
1
項)
， 12則僅
限於共同體於先前擴張過程中逐漸形成的政治標準，尚不及於新創
設的少數族群保障要求
(
Kochenov, 2008: 33
)。要待里斯本條約於
2009
年生效，少數族群保障之要求始被列於歐洲聯盟條約第
2
條
(即里斯本條約生效前之原第
6
條第
1
項)
的歐盟價值，
13提升至
條約地位。
1410
“
Membership
requires
that
the
candidate country has achieved stability of institu-
tions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and pro-
tection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the
capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. Mem-
bership presupposes the candidate’s ability to take on the obligations of membership
including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union
”
(
Euro-
pean Council, 1993: 13
)
.
11
Art
.
6
(
1
)
,
TEU
:
“
The
Union
is
founded
on
the
principles
of
liberty
,
democracy
,
respect
for
human
rights
and
fundamental
freedoms
,
and
the
rule
of
law
,
principles
which
are
common
to
the
Member
States
”
(
European
Union
,
1997
:
153
)
.
12
Art
.
49
(
1
)
,
TEU
:
“
Any
European
State
which
respects
the
principles
set
out
in
Article
6
(
1
)
may
apply
to
become
a
member
of
the
Union
. […]
”
(
European
Union,
1997
:
171
)
.
13
Art
.
2
,
TEU
:
“
The
Union
is
founded
on
the
values
of
respect
for
human
dignity
,
freedom
,
democracy
,
equality
,
the
rule
of
law
and
respect
for
human
rights
,
in-
cluding
the
rights
of
persons
belonging
to minorities
”
(
European
Union
,
2016
:
17
)
.
14
然而這也突顯了歐盟對外宣示的政治加盟標準與歐盟自我價值認同的互動關係：