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462
歐美研究
會之必要礎石，亦是民主發展及每一個人自我實踐之必要條件之
一。」
11
歐洲人權法院強調表意內容之保障，而最常被引用之一段話
是：「表意自由不只是適用於喜歡聽到的，或是不具冒犯性或中立
的『資訊』(
information
) 或是『意見』(
ideas
) 而已，其亦包括那些
冒犯性、衝突性及騷擾性之資訊及意見。因為如果沒有多元社會、
寬容及包容，就沒有民主社會。」
12
於是歐洲人權法院認為表意自由不只是保障實質內容而已，亦
保障其表達之方式，歐洲人權法院認為，表意自由之方式不只是限
於特定方式，特別是政治性言論，其亦包括藝術表達
13
或是商業性
質之表達，
14
亦包括以有線電視傳播輕音樂或商業消息。
15
而且不
11
參見歐洲人權法院以下判決：
Handyside v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 7
December 1976, paragraph 49; Lingens v. Austria, judgment of 8 July 1986, para-
graph 41; Müller and others v. Switzerland, judgment of 24 May 1988, paragraph
33; Oberschlick v. Austria, judgment of 23 May 1991, paragraph 57; The Observer
and the Guardian v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 26 November 1991, para-
graph 59; The Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom
(
No. 2
)
, judgment of 26 No-
vember 1991, paragraph 50; Thorgeir Thorgeirson v. Iceland, judgment of 25 June
1992, paragraph 63; Otto-Preminger Institute v. Austria, judgment of 20 September
1994, paragraph 49; Piermont v. France, judgment of 27 April 1995, paragraph 76;
and Vogt v. Germany, judgment of 26 September 1995, paragraph 52.
12
參見歐洲人權法院以下判決：
Handyside v. the United Kingdom, paragraph 49;
Lingens v. Austria, paragraph 41; Müller and others v. Switzerland, paragraph 33;
Oberschlick v. Austria, paragraph 57; The Observer and the Guardian v. the United
Kingdom, paragraph 59; Vogt v. Germany, paragraph 52; Piermont v. France, par-
agraph 76; Otto-Preminger Institute v. Austria, paragraph 49; Thorgeir Thorgeirson
v. Iceland, paragraph 63; The Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom
(
No. 2
)
, para-
graph 50.
13
參見歐洲人權法院以下判決：
Müller and others v. Switzerland, paragraph 27.
14
European Court of Human Rights, Markt Intern Verlag GmbH and Klaus Beermann
v. Germany, judgment of 20 November 1989
,
paragraph 26.