384 / 138
384
歐美研究
方驗證機構再到承包商，經過多層次授權後始進行外國食品業者之
稽核工作；其中核證機構、第三方驗證機構乃至承包商，均得為外
國政府機關或私人企業協會，而
FDA
對於此漫長且細節之過程，能
有多少了解與控制？歸根究底探討
FSMA
之制度設計，其因考量
FDA
之人力與經費有其極限而將監管責任轉予第三方共同分擔；惟
同樣地，操作上殊難想見
FDA
如何在經費與人力不足之條件下維持
有效的政府監督，第三方認驗證之實效非毫無疑問。
四、聯邦政府權責分配之疊床架屋問題未解
在聯邦層次上，
FDA
及
USDA
等約
12
個聯邦政府機關，皆多
少有與食品安全衛生有涉之監管權限，其管轄權重疊且權責不明處
甚多
(例如：三明治之管制涉及多達六個聯邦機構，若算入州級機
構則更複雜)。
150此一疊床架屋問題導致美國食品安全監管效率不
who, although not individually accredited, is qualified to conduct food safety audits
on behalf of an accredited third-party certification body. An audit agent includes a
contractor of the accredited third-party certification body but excludes subcon-
tractors or other agents under outsourcing arrangements for conducting food safety
audits without direct control by the accredited third-party certification body.”
)
.
150
此些聯邦機構包括：
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food
Safety and Inspection Service
(
FSIS
)
, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS, within the USDA), Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administra-
tion (GIPSA), Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), Agricultural Research Service
(ARS), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), U.S. Customs Service
(
until 2003,
when the Department of Homeland Security assumed the responsibilities
)
, and Bu-
reau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). U.S. GAO,
Food Safety and Security:
Fundamental Changes Needed to Ensure Safe Food
(
Testimony Before the Sub-
committee on Oversight of Government Management, Restructuring and the Dis-
trict of Columbia, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, Oct. 10, 2001
)
,
GAO-02-47T, at 18-19.