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54

E

UR

A

MERICA

Past experience with

partners

Build

and

keep

good

relationships

Good relationships during

normal period of time

facilitate good collaboration

with partners during an

emergency.

External factor

Resource dependence on

state and federal support

Rationales of vertical collaboration:

Grant purposes

Resource-seeking

Training purposes

Rationales of horizontal-interlocal

collaboration:

Grant purposes

Vertical collaboration is

relatively less common than

horizontal collaboration.

Local governments view

higher levels of governments as

supporters, not commanders.

Looking for grants can be

viewed as a key reason of

vertical collaboration.

Financial incentives are not a

top reason of horizontal

collaboration.

Disaster magnitude

When an emergency becomes a

disaster and local governments

cannot respond to it only relying

on local resources, local

governments will search for

outside support through all types

of collaboration to deal with this

disaster.

Disaster severity influences a

local government’s attitude

towards collaboration.

Community attributes

Neighboring local governments

are like siblings and face similar

risks.

Local governments’ geographic

and demographic differences can

influence their level of EM

capacity, which changes the way

local governments respond to

emergencies and why they

engage in various collaborations.

Risk similarity, geographic

factors, and demographic

factors are critical factors that

need to be controlled for

analyzing why and how local

governments

engage

in

vertical

and

horizontal

collaborations.

Source: The author of this study.

Since local governments are designed as the first line of response

to all emergency types in the U.S., collaboration is typically

viewed as a useful strategy for local governments to

effectively manage cross-sector resources when handling both