歐美研究季刊第48卷第1期

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“Exploring the dynamics” 9
dynamics: vertical collaboration, horizontal-interlocal collabo-
ration, and horizontal-intersectoral collaboration (Table 1).
A. Vertical Collaboration
Vertical collaboration emphasizes working across levels of
governments within the U.S. federal system. The federal-state-
local structure organizes the basic framework in which American
politics, law enforcement, tax and finance, and policy
implementation operate. The concept of cooperative federalism,
Table 1 Three Types of Local Emergency Management Collaboration
Vertical
Collaboration
Horizontal-interlocal
Collaboration
Horizontal-intersectoral
Collaboration
Key
Participants
 Federal, state,
and local
governments
 Local governments
(cities, counties, special
districts, and other
smaller units)
 Local governments,
private and nonprofit
organizations
Theory  Federalism
 Intergovernmental
relations
 Intergovernmental
relations
 Institution collective
action
 Cross-sector
collaboration
 Public-private
partnership
Relationship  Shared-governance
 Donor-recipient
 Reciprocal/contractual  Reciprocal/contractual
Goal  Efficient federal-
state-local
coordination in EM
 Efficiently provide local
public safety services
 Community resiliency
Example  NRF  Mutual aid programs  Project impact
Source: The author of this study.
1 Inter-agency collaboration within the local government is not discussed in this
study due to time and resource constraints. This study only focused on vertical
collaboration across levels of governments as well as horizontal collaboration
between local governments, and between local governmental and
nongovernmental organizations.